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Timber a structural material
Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are fallen, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood pulp for paper production. In the U.K. and Australia, "timber" is a term also used for sawed wood products (that is, boards), where as in the U.S. and Canada, the product of timber cut into boards is referred to as lumber.
Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Rough lumber is the raw material for furniture making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, and is primarily one of a few coniferous needle-bearing species such as pine, hemlock, fir or spruce.History and geography
Lumber was one of the first industries in the United States. Maine and New York were early leading producers, however, later expansion led to Oregon, Washington, and California assuming the lead in domestic lumber production. Logging, the felling and preparation of trees for lumber was a related frontier industry; various tales of lumberjacks were a substantial portion of a certain chapter in North American folklore.
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Classifications
Rough lumber comes from the sawmill without further cutting or shaping. It is usually sold in random lengths and widths and measured in the USA and Canada in board feet, a unit of 1 foot × 1 inch × 1 foot. It is available air-dried or kiln-dried. Air-dried lumber is carefully stacked and allowed to dry for several months, depending on thickness. It is used for some outdoor purposes, such as building sheds and fences. Kiln-dried wood is stacked and dried in moisture- and temperature-controlled kilns built for the purpose. It is then ready to be used for furniture-making or other woodworking uses.
Finished lumber is usually kiln-dried then planed and cut to predetermined sizes, primarily for use by the construction industry. When using Imperial or U.S. customary measurements, the widths given are from before planning, whereas the piece actually sold is smaller; a 2×4 for example is actually only 1½ by 3½ inches after planning. Other stock is sized similarly. The lengths are actual sizes and are multiples of 2 feet. Sizes from 8 to 16 feet (8, 10, 12, 14, 16) are commonly available, and larger sizes (18, 20, 22, 24) are sometimes available. When using metric measurements, lumber is measured in actual sizes.Precious stones precursors of scifi pricing purposes and effects of taxation Quechuas of Peru
In the United States, timber is cut in the forest in 24 foot lengths. At the mill it is recut into 3–8 foot lengths, an 8 foot and a 16 foot length, a 10 foot and a 14 foot length or two 12 foot lengths.Lumber is also used to refer to plywood and other composite wood products. Dimensional lumber is a term used in North America for lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth specified in inches.
Examples of common sizes are 2×4 (also two-by-four and other variants), 2×6, and 4×4. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, or twelve feet in length. In the United States the standard lengths of lumber are 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 feet.In The Americas, two-bys (2×4s, 2×6s, 2×8s, 2x10s, and 2×12s) are common lumber sizes used in modern construction. They are the basic building block for such common structures as balloon-frame or platform-frame housing. Dimensional lumber made from softwood is typically used for construction, while hardwood boards are more commonly used for making cabinets or furniture.
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The nominal size of a board varies from the actual size of the board. This is due to planning and shrinkage as the board is dried. This results in the final lumber being slightly smaller than the nominal size. Also, if the wood is surfaced when it is green, the initial dimensions are slightly larger (e.g. 1/16″ bigger for up to 4″ nominal lumber, 1/8″ for 5″ and 6″ nominal lumber, 1/4″ bigger for larger sizes). As the wood dries, it shrinks and reaches the specified actual dimensions.Outside North America sizes of timber vary slightly. Sizes are, in some cases, based on the imperial measurement and referred to as such; in other cases the sizes are too far removed from the imperial size to be referred to by imperial measurement. Lengths are sold every 300 mm (a metric approximation of 1'). Common sizes are similar to the North American equivalent; 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, 5.4, 6.0.
In North America sizes for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods varies from the sizes for softwoods. Boards are usually supplied in random widths and lengths of a specified thickness, and sold by the board-foot (144 cubic inches). This does not apply in all countries, for example in Australia many boards are sold to timber yards in packs with a common profile (dimensions) but not necessarily of consisting of the same length boards.sistine chapel ceiling spaceflight Stereo system the cortes expedition to mexico the french, german and canadian tradition
Also in North America hardwood lumber is commonly sold in a “quarter” system when referring to thickness. 4/4 (four quarters) refers to a one-inch thick board, 8/4 (eight quarters) is a two-inch thick board, etc. This system is not usually used for softwood lumber, although softwood decking is sometimes sold as 5/4 (actually one inch thick).
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